For instance, to slow the spread of disease by stopping chains of transmission of COVID-19 and preventing new ones from appearing, social and physical distancing measures are strongly recommended globally, which resulted in dramatic reductions of in-person visits of patients to clinics or professionals. The pandemic resulted in public health interventions to limit the spread and transmission of the novel coronavirus, causing significant effects on the delivery of physical healthcare procedures worldwide. Subsequently, the COVID-19 was assessed by WHO as a pandemic. On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) officially declared the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak as a public health emergency of international concern ( World Health Organization, 2020). The state-of-the-art telerobotic systems and their applications in COVID-19 healthcare delivery are reviewed, and possible future directions are outlined. We focus on the control-theoretic approaches that have been developed to address inherent robot control issues associated with organ motion. Different from typical studies on medical teleoperation that consider problems such as time delay and information loss in long-distance communication, this survey addresses the consequences of physiological organ motion when using teleoperation systems to create physical distancing between clinicians and patients in the COVID-19 era. In particular, medical telerobotic systems can play a positive role in the provision of telemedicine to both COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients. The unprecedented pandemic spurs strong demand for intelligent robotic systems in healthcare. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in public health interventions such as physical distancing restrictions to limit the spread and transmission of the novel coronavirus, causing significant effects on the delivery of physical healthcare procedures worldwide. 2Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.1College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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